Health Conditions and Implications to Women Assignment
- Angelina M
Hello. Your discussion is detailed and very informative. It elaborates on osteoporosis, the screening measures, and treatment options. According to Akkawi and Zmerly (2018), osteoporosis is a condition of low bone mineral density and altered bone microstructure, predisposing patients to low-impact, fragility fractures. Screening for osteoporosis with bone measurements is recommended for women 65 and older. Postmenopausal women younger than 65 are also at increased risk of osteoporosis and are recommended to undergo screening. A dual X-ray absorptiometry scan of the central skeleton is the most commonly used tool to assess bone density. As you have mentioned, Bisphosphonates are the first-line osteoporosis treatment, including Alendronate and Risedronate. However, Denosumab can also prevent bone resorption. Other treatment options include conjugated estrogen-progestin hormone replacement, estrogen-only replacement, and selective estrogen receptor modulators. However, these hormonal treatment options may expose patients to risks of breast cancer and other side effects, such as low mood and stomach cramps, and should be used sparingly (Zuo et al., 2019). Health Conditions and Implications to Women Assignment
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Patients should be educated on the primary prevention strategies for osteoporosis, including lifestyle changes, exercise, intake of calcium and vitamin D, avoiding alcohol, smoking, and excessive intake of salt (LeBoff et al., 2022). Education on these prevention strategies should start early, giving individuals time to make changes to decrease their likelihood of developing osteoporosis—physical activity, adequate dietary intake, and avoiding smoking and excessive alcohol consumption.
References
Akkawi, I., & Zmerly, H. (2018). Osteoporosis: Current concepts. Joints, 6(2), 122–127. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1660790
LeBoff, M. S., Greenspan, S. L., Insogna, K. L., Lewiecki, E. M., Saag, K. G., Singer, A. J., & Siris, E. S. (2022). The clinician’s guide to prevention and treatment of osteoporosis. Osteoporosis International. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00198-021-05900-y
Zuo, H., Sun, A., Gao, L., Xue, W., Deng, Y., Wang, Y., Zhu, S., Ma, X., & Xin, H. (2019). Effect of menopausal hormone therapy on bone mineral density in Chinese women: A 2-year, prospective, open-label, randomized controlled trial. Medical Science Monitor: International Medical Journal of Experimental and Clinical Research, 25, 819–826. https://doi.org/10.12659/MSM.912166 Health Conditions and Implications to Women Assignment