Relational Database Design And Implementation Assignment
Project-Database Plan
The nursing problem that will be addressed in this paper is medication errors in hospitals. Medication errors can lead to adverse drug events, which cause harm to patients and result in prolonged hospitalization, increased healthcare costs, and even death. A database is needed to help identify and prevent medication errors by tracking medication orders, administration, and patient outcomes. Harrington (2016) explained that A Database Management System (DBMS) is important because it allows organizations to efficiently manage and store large amounts of data, while providing secure access and ensuring data integrity. Relational Database Design And Implementation Assignment
Conceptual Data Model
The conceptual data model for the medication error database is designed to track medication orders, administration, and dispensing to patients and includes seven entities namely Patient, Medication Order, Medication Administration, Medication, Physician, Nurse, and Pharmacy (Bagui & Earp, 2017). Firstly, the Patient entity represents the person receiving medical treatment and has multiple medication orders associated with them. Secondly, the Medication Order entity represents a prescription or order for medication given to a patient by a physician. Each medication order is associated with only one patient but can be written by multiple physicians. Thirdly, the Medication Administration entity represents the actual act of administering medication to a patient, and it is performed by a nurse, physician, or other authorized medical personnel. Fourthly, the Medication entity represents a specific drug or medication that is prescribed to a patient. Each medication is associated with multiple medication orders, and each medication order contains one or more medications. Fifthly, the Physician entity represents a medical doctor who is authorized to write medication orders for patients, while the Nurse entity represents a medical professional who is authorized to administer medications to patients. Every physician can write multiple medication orders for multiple patients, and each nurse can perform multiple medication administrations for multiple patients. Finally, the Pharmacy entity represents a facility or organization that dispenses medications to patients. And the pharmacy dispenses medications for multiple medication orders and multiple patients. The relationships between entities are as follows:
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- A Patient can have multiple Medication Orders.
- A Medication Order can be written by a Physician
- A Medication Order can be dispensed by a Pharmacy Relational Database Design And Implementation Assignment
- A Medication Order can have multiple Medications
- A Medication can be administered to a Patient
- A Medication Administration can be performed by a Nurse
Justification for Entity Selection
- Patients are the individuals who receive medication and are directly affected by medication errors.
- Medication orders are the instructions written by physicians for the administration of medication to patients.
- Medication administrations are the acts of giving medication to patients. Tracking medication administrations can help identify errors and prevent adverse drug events.
- Medication: Medications are the drugs that are administered to patients. Tracking medications can help identify errors and prevent adverse drug events.
- Physicians write medication orders, and their involvement is critical in preventing medication errors.
- Nurses administer medications, and their involvement is also crucial in preventing medication errors.
- Pharmacies dispense medications and can be a source of error if medications are not correctly labeled or dispensed. Relational Database Design And Implementation Assignment
E-R Diagram Explanation
The E-R diagram shows the relationships between the entities in the medication error database (See appendix). The Patient entity is connected to the Medication Order entity with a one-to-many relationship because a patient can have multiple medication orders and the Medication Order entity is connected to the Physician entity with a many-to-one relationship because a physician can write multiple medication orders. Also, the Medication Order entity is connected to the Pharmacy entity with a many-to-one relationship because a pharmacy dispenses multiple medication orders while the Medication Order entity is connected to the Medication entity with a one-to-many relationship because a medication order has multiple medications (Malikov, Rustamov & Ne’matov, 2020). The Medication Administration entity, on its part, is connected to the Medication entity with a many-to-one relationship because a medication is administered multiple times and the Medication Administration entity is connected to the Nurse entity with a many-to-one relationship because a nurse can administer multiple medications. Relational Database Design And Implementation Assignment
Questions for the Database
- How many medication errors have occurred in the hospital in the last year?
- Which medications are most commonly associated with medication errors?
- Which physicians and nurses have the highest rate of medication errors?
Conclusion
A database is needed to help identify and prevent medication errors in hospitals. The conceptual data model includes entities such as Patient, Medication Order, Medication Administration, Medication, Physician, Nurse, and Pharmacy. The E-R diagram shows the relationships between these entities, including one-to-many and many-to-one relationships. The questions for the database can help identify patterns and areas for improvement in medication administration. Implementing this database enables hospitals to improve patient safety and reduce the incidence of adverse drug events.
References
Bagui, S., & Earp, R. (2017). Database design using entity-relationship diagrams. Crc Press.
Harrington, J. L. (2016). Relational database design and implementation. Morgan Kaufmann.
Malikov, M. R., Rustamov, A. A., & Ne’matov, N. I. (2020). Strategies for Development of Medical Information Systems. Theoretical & Applied Science, (9), 388-392. https://doi.org/10.15863/TAS.2020.09.89.49
Database Plan
The healthcare sector has been facing the problem of a poor patient-to-nurse ratio. A nurse has had type take care of many patients and this has been the cause of an increase in medical errors within the healthcare sector (Frisch & Rabinowitsch, 2019). The nurses have been subjected to burnout and stress due to the fact that they are dealing with many patients, they are prone to confusion and they struggle to make sure the different needs of these patients are met. Relational Database Design And Implementation Assignment
Explanation of the selected problem and why it needs a database as an information-management solution
Medical errors are caused by the fact that the nurses lose track of the patient information. Frisch & Rabinowitsch (2019) asserts that the database management system is important because it helps with the treatment and diagnosis, billing, and documentation and it reduces errors in medical operations and management, it helps in running costs in a healthcare sector easily further improving the performance of the medical practitioners.
Entities involved
The entities in a healthcare system, are inpatient and outpatient. Inpatient means that the patient is admitted to the hospital while outpatient means that he is treated and released to go home. Both entities have different requirements. In inpatient services, the patient is given more care on a daily basis and in outpatient care, he is provided with care from the physician and is only given up a day for follow-up treatment. Relational Database Design And Implementation Assignment
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Which nurses work on which units?
The nurses have the role of taking care of the patients. They are often assigned to patients in each unit. The nurses work in different units. Some examples of these units could be the medical-surgery unit, critical care unit, those who work in pain management units, labor and delivery units, and neuroscience, among others. The nurses have to take care of all the patients equally despite the differences they may have among them (Fowler et al., 2021). The nurses have to ensure that they are communicating effectively within an organization. The healthcare providers must work together as a team in taking care of the patients and they have to let the patients decide on the kind of care they want and whether they will continue with the course of treatment they are being urged to take or not.
How many patients are assigned to each unit?
The patients assigned to each unit are about 5 to 6 and each nurse is responsible for taking care of around 1 to 5 patients. The ratio is vital since it helps the nurses to focus on the patients and in erase their satisfaction rates and experiences. It also helps the nurses to avoid other problems like burnout and stress as they are taking care of many patients (Frisch & Rabinowitsch, 2019). The nurses take care of the patients in the units based on the work that they have been given and the category of patients they should be taking care of.
The image below shows the E-R relationship in a diagram. It shows that different entities within a healthcare system have distinct roles. Relational Database Design And Implementation Assignment